Bibliography

This study was the first to draw the origin and firsts decades of the history of the Spanish maritime professional associations, although in general focuses on officers’ organizations (deck and engine) with few references to ranks. It describes the birth of the associations (the first in 1873 was the ship engineers in Barcelona), the main conflicts in the Spanish merchant marine, the aspirations and programs of the trade unions, etc., in the period before the start of the Spanish civil war in 1936. The main sources are the associations’ journals and press. Originally was the first part of a doctoral dissertation on Sindicato Libre de la Marina Mercante, founded in the last years of the Francoist dictatorship